roundtable: INFOACTIVE: Interactive Television Trials, Technology, Grants
roundtable: INFOACTIVE: Interactive Television Trials, Technology, Grants
INFOACTIVE: Interactive Television Trials, Technology, Grants
Center for Media Education (cme@access.digex.net)
Thu, 23 Mar 1995 17:43:47 -0500 (EST)
Date: Thu, 23 Mar 1995 17:43:47 -0500 (EST)
From: Center for Media Education <cme@access.digex.net>
To: roundtable@cni.org
Subject: INFOACTIVE: Interactive Television Trials, Technology, Grants
Message-Id: <Pine.SUN.3.91.950323173851.28029A-100000@access1.digex.net>
EXCERPTS from issue #4 (September/October 1994) of
INFOACTIVE: The Telecommunications Monthly for Nonprofits
---------------------------------------------------------
The Center for Media Education (CME) publishes _InfoActive:
The Telecommunications Monthly for Nonprofits_ . Selected
articles from the fourth issue, dated September/October 1994,
appear below. The articles have not been updated since then.
Subscription information appears at the bottom of this post.
InfoActive
----------
Table of Contents, page numbers in hardcopy version.
(Stories marked with a "*" appears in this electronic post.)
Testing Television's Future: Are Nonprofits Interacting? 1*
(Bell Atlantic's Stargazer Project)
(Time-Warner's Full Service Network)
Waiting for the Grade 8*
Video Dialtone Applications 10*
The Technologies Transforming Television 1*
Washington Update 3
(Senate Committee Approves Nonprofit Rate in Bill)
(In the Courts: Turner vs. FCC)
Findings from S. 1822 3
A Gopher's Guide to Grants:
Searching for Funding on the Internet 4
(Federal Grant Information)
(State, Local, Corporate, and Foundation Grant Info)
(Also Of Interest)
(GrantsNet)
More Resources on Telecommunications Issues 5
The Telecommunications Power Players:
Part II: The Congress 6
(Markey;Fields;Dingell;Boucher)
(Hollings;Inouye;Danforth)
--
TESTING TELEVISION'S FUTURE
Are Nonprofits Interacting?
Ready or not, the future is almost here. For decades
books, films and TV shows, such as 1984, Max Headroom and
even The Jetsons, have predicted a world that revolves around
television. Today neighborhoods across the country are being
rewired, and new interactive networks are undergoing testing.
For most Americans, the next generation of television will be
a conduit for data, video and voice services--the central
nervous system of a reshaped society.
Americans are currently reported to spend half their
free time watching the tube, with the TV on seven hours a day
in the average household. As interactive television takes
hold, the importance of television will increase
dramatically.
While some nonprofits have begun to use computer
networks, few have been thinking about how to catch a ride on
the "information superhighway" into American living rooms.
Yet in several years nonprofits may have the ability to
connect to the households of their choice. Everything from
education to advocacy to fundraising may be radically altered
by swiftly changing television technologies.
Many of the nation's largest communications companies,
including U.S. West, BellSouth, TCI and GTE, are testing
interactive television in trials across the country.
InfoActive has researched two experiments, a Florida-based
test by Time Warner, a major cable company, and another
experiment named "Stargazer," operated by regional telephone
company Bell Atlantic in Virginia. The results of these
experiments will shape the content and the capabilities of
new interactive systems. Companies want to discover what will
work best in the marketplace. Trying to distinguish
themselves from their cable competitors, telephone companies
promise that customers won't get another cable-like service,
but a different form of television.
Bell Atlantic's Stargazer Project
You are in a brightly-lit, unpopulated underground mall.
A furniture outlet appears on the left, a women's clothing
store on the right. You move forward and see a movie theater,
with a marquee of a hundred titles. Up ahead, a pizzeria
catches your eye, or more exactly, the attention of your
stomach. This mall doesn't exist in the real world, only on
your TV set. You use the remote to click on Tony's Pizza
Palace. A list of various toppings is displayed. Click.
Pepperoni. Click. Pineapple? Click. You choose a soda and
credit the order to your bank account. The pizza is on its
way.
At Bell Atlantic Video Services' corporate headquarters,
a computer simulates an interactive virtual mall, so that
visitors get a sense of what the future of television might
look like. "We were looking for something that is accessible
to Joe Six-Pack," explained Larry Plumb of Bell Atlantic. But
he predicts this vision won't be in homes "until the turn of
the century." Bell Atlantic has filed plans with the FCC to
provide advanced digital services with hundreds of channels
throughout its service region, from New Jersey to Virginia.
The Future is Now. Bell Atlantic is currently testing
interactive television in the homes of 400 selected company
employees in northern Virginia. Stargazer's glossy 8-page
catalog contains descriptions of movies, television shows and
a selection of other titles similar to what one might find in
a video store. By dialing a special phone number and entering
the number of the video he or she would like to view, an
employee can watch a selection within minutes of making the
call. Those participating in this test of "video-on-demand"
can watch any program any time they want. They can even call
the number back to pause the movie they are watching, and
then restart it after a snack or restroom break.
In April 1994, Stargazer customers could watch movies
like Ghostbusters and The Day the Earth Stood Still or reruns
of television shows like Dr. Who and Lou Grant. They could
also see a children's video, a health program, or a
documentary.
When the project moves into the "marketing test" phase,
the experiment will be expanded to other Alexandria, Virginia
residents who will be charged on a pay-per-view basis. [Ed.
note: the company is presently going ahead with the more
advanced marketing trial, which it had not done at
publication time.] Bell Atlantic will track which programs
are popular and potentially profitable. The company forecasts
that the national consumer market for these services will
eventually be over $400 billion.
Programming Partners. Once the technological glitches
are ironed out and the marketing trial begins, the
programming selection will become larger and more varied. "We
are actively looking for the five best celebrity interviews,
the five best episodes of Leave It To Beaver," says Plumb.
Several for-profit and nonprofit organizations, most of them
distributors, are now helping Bell Atlantic decide what
programs to make available.
The Coalition for Quality Children's Videos uses
national juries of children and adults to give quality videos
a "Kids First!" stamp of approval. Ranny Levy, president of
the Coalition, sees her work with the Stargazer project as
integral to her group's mission. "[One of our goals] is to
increase the visibility and the availability of quality
children's programming. This is a great vehicle for doing
that." In the past, getting Kids First!-approved programming
on television or on video store shelves was extremely
difficult because those venues are "very controlled markets,"
she explained. Children's videos won't sell in a video store
"if it's not on TV, it doesn't have an aggressive marketing
campaign, and it doesn't have Mickey Mouse ears," Levy noted.
Why is the Coalition investing their time in getting their
videos out to the 400 initial Stargazer participants? "We are
covering our bases. This could take off."
Availability, Visibility and Independence. National
Video Resources (NVR) will also be selecting childrens'
programs for the Stargazer project. (NVR is a project of the
Rockefeller Foundation, which provides a grant to help
distribute InfoActive.) NVR, which works to help independent
videomakers improve the distribution of their work, has begun
a new initiative to work with interactive television trials
throughout the country. David Rosen, a consultant to NVR,
sees these experiments as "an opening for videos that have
traditionally been marginalized."
Can the medium increase access? In the case of video-on-
demand, Rosen hopes the answer will be yes. When approached
by NVR, most of the major trials expressed interest in
showing independent videos--"as long as it sells." In
addition to Bell Atlantic, NVR has established relations with
experiments run by SNET, Rochester Telephone, Microsoft/TCI,
and Cox Cable, among others. NVR has assembled 30 hours of
children's programming for the Stargazer marketing test.
According to Larry Sapadin, another NVR consultant, Bell
Atlantic doesn't "want to be a curator. They will leave that
job to us."
Programming Profits? For the nonprofit organizations
like public television, cost is a concern. The lobbying arm
of public TV broadcasters, the Association for America's
Public Television Stations (APTS), calculated that Bell
Atlantic generally charges program providers a penny a minute
per viewer. If 4,000 people watch a 100-minute movie, the
film distributor would pay Bell Atlantic $400,000 out of the
fees paid by viewers to see the program. This fee structure
concerns public television and other nonprofit entities that
would like to provide their information services for free.
WETA (a Washington, D.C. public TV station) found the costs
of putting their signal on such a video dialtone platform
"absolutely prohibitive."
Bell Atlantic arranged a special deal so that WETA
could provide programming to Stargazer. "Very impressed with
the work to include public television by Bell Atlantic,"
Marilyn Mohrman-Gilles of APTS hopes that WETA and others
will be allowed to continue to provide services that are
accessible to the public. Yet she stresses that WETA is
"relying on the goodness of Bell Atlantic" and worries about
the future of television without favorable government
policies for nonprofits. "We can't count on voluntary
measures of individual telephone companies to achieve
consistent access throughout the country."
The Advantages of Documentaries-on-Demand. Stargazer
also lists short videos from American Medical Television
(AMT), a for-profit partnership between the American Medical
Association and NBC. AMT President Wendy Borow is excited
about the prospects of interactive TV. She envisions her
videos becoming the equivalent of a "video house call,"
supplying crucial information between visits to the doctor.
"This is another opportunity to get programs out to the
consumer." Preliminary usage data from the trial indicated
the popularity of some health programs, such as a "healthy
cooking" segment. Borow isn't worried about the problems of
adding a price tag to her programs just yet. "We obviously
want them priced as low as possible," but she sees many
options for the future, including a scenario in which
foundations or insurance companies contribute to minimize the
price of watching a health information video.
Organizations distributing documentaries see video-on-
demand as a new way to educate the public. Sylvia Delia, vice
president of coproduction and sales at BBC Lionheart, is
pleased that Stargazer gives her products another venue.
"It's very important to be in a test like this. We partially
did it so that we could be on board from the beginning, so we
could get an established platform and room on the server."
She felt it was important to get involved quickly, since the
systems have "limited space." Joanne Grayson with the
CPB/Annenberg Project believes that interactive television
will be such a force in the next century that nonprofits
"should do whatever they can to become part of these tests,"
even if it means devoting scarce resources to the effort.
Locals Out of the Loop. Bell Atlantic Video Services
actively solicited participation from many program providers,
including movie studios MGM/UA and Columbia, television
networks NBC and USA, and program programmers such as Major
League Baseball and National Geographic Television. But Bell
Atlantic did not contact many of the government and service
organizations in its own backyard. "Right now we are trying
to build a business, a very capital intensive one.... We are
not in the mode to worry about nonprofits.... Profit drives
this stuff," stated Plumb. He promised a lot more "adult
enrichment" and public service programming in the future.
As InfoActive went to press, city and county officials
in Alexandria and Arlington, Virginia, had absolutely "no
communication" with the Stargazer project; neither had the
public access channels or the local universities. Rob Farr,
cable executive producer for Arlington County's government
access channel, was not contacted. Like many other local
nonprofits, he has not attempted to contact Bell Atlantic,
even though he would be enthusiastic about participating.
Many local service organizations have been overlooked as
a source of programming. Yet the nonprofits that have been
involved in the Stargazer test have only good things to say
about Bell Atlantic and the steps the company has taken to be
inclusive. As the Stargazer system evolves, will the
opportunities for nonprofits to participate increase? Will
those left out be at a significant disadvantage?
Time-Warner's Full Service Network
Interactive television will also be brought to you by
your cable television company. Most of the United States is
wired for cable, and 63 percent of American households
subscribe. Just as cable increased the number of channels from
the handful provided by broadcasters, it could provide
the vaunted "500 channels" in the forseeable future.
Time-Warner started one test three years ago in Queens,
N.Y., offering subscribers 150 channels, including a "near-
video-on-demand" service in which pay-per-view movies start
every 15 minutes. The company is now developing its "Full
Service Network" (FSN) test near Orlando, Florida. Time-
Warner is planning to provide approximately 3,500 residents
in Seminole and Orange counties with access to a "virtual
mall" inside their television sets. Many of the details are
under wraps until its unveiling, but this trial could become
a model for networks around the country.
Couch Shopping. Full Service Network participants will
receive a computerized set-top box, a remote control, and in
some cases a color printer through which advertisers will
distribute brochures, coupons and other promotional
materials. Time-Warner has lined up many major companies to
participate in home shopping: Spiegel, Eddie Bauer and even
the United States Postal Service. The system will first offer
"video-on-demand, some interactive shopping, and some
interactive games." Eventually, it will provide an "auto
mall, more extensive retail shopping, more games, more video-
on-demand choices, news-on-demand, educational services,
picture phone, personal communications service and more,"
according to Time-Warner materials. Test participants will
generally be limited to "families with children, existing
cable subscribers, working individuals, full-time residents,
those who are willing to allow us to track their media
habits, what movies they watch, and what services they use."
The Full Service Network wants to make available a range
of applications that will take advantage of its interactive
capabilities. Time-Warner is among several corporations
interested in considering "The Democracy Network," developed
by the Center for Governmental Studies. The Center hopes to
have campaign information online for the 1996 presidential
elections. Tracy Westen of the Center envisions a screen
which will allow users to select from candidates' speeches
and advertisements (with corresponding "truth boxes"), debate
excerpts, lists of endorsements, policy papers, data on
individual and PAC contributions, biographies and information
on how to volunteer or contribute to a campaign.
Educational Priority. Tammy Lindsay, communications
director for the Full Service Network, assured InfoActive
that "public service programming is a priority," with an
emphasis on education. Gary Becker, director of instructional
media and technical services for the nearby Seminole County
public schools, agrees: "They really are interested in
working with us and developing education and the educational
market as part of this network." Becker appreciates this
"mutually beneficial" partnership and the cable company's
commitment of "time, staff and money." The schools have given
the Full Service Network many ideas, some of which may come
to fruition depending on their technical feasibility and cost
effectiveness. The possibilities include home-bound
instruction for sick children, interactive classroom
applications, video conferences between classrooms, and
bulletin boards of course registration information, bus
schedules and food service menus. It is likely that the card
catalog for the Seminole County public library will also be
online.
No Communication. Time-Warner was unwilling to provide
any information about other nonprofits they might be working
with. Numerous representatives of local government,
educational, health care and nonprofit organizations reported
that Full Service Network staffers have not approached them.
Many groups knew very little about the test and did not
make any attempt to contact the cable company. Even though
South Seminole Hospital and Orlando Regional Hospital
currently provide a fair amount of programming for closed-
circuit, cable and broadcast channels, they were both
uninformed about Time-Warner's plans. WFME, the Orlando
public television station, also did not contact the Full
Service Network.
Government officials, who could provide civic services
on the network, did try to get some information from Time-
Warner, but the company seems fearful that new data might be
of use to competitors. Jenny Huff of the City of Orlando,
said that "they are playing it very close to the vest. They
have not given us any information.... We try not to push
them. We are being patient." Randall James, cable TV officer
for Seminole County, stated that there have been "no
discussions whatsoever" about providing government or social
service type information. Monica Donnehood, manager of cable
communications for Orange County, Florida, had a similar
experience. "I don't think they are ready to share any
information. [Their secrecy] is better than national security
ever dared be."
Many who understand the potential of interactive
television are waiting for the Full Service Network's
unveiling to see whether its promise is fulfilled. Hopefully,
the Network will be able to present a full diversity of
commercial and nonprofit applications.
Getting Interactive
The tests that are in development or operation across
the country will define the rules for this interactive
environment. Many nonprofit executives see these tests as a
unique opportunity. Nonprofits that have traditionally been
unable to get their programming shown on television or placed
in a video store could use interactive television for home
distribution. Service organizations could put valuable
information on a video-on-demand system and create a video
reference library, filled with medical advice or instructions
on how to register to vote. Nonprofits may be able to greatly
extend the reach of their services and information.
Participating in the tests will give nonprofits a place
at the table and will ensure they won't be excluded as these
systems expand. Nonprofits should aggressively work to get
involved in these tests by contacting the local cable and
telephone company and offering whatever video or computer
programming they have. As Joanne Grayson of the CPB/Annenberg
Project enthusiastically stated, "This is the future." It's
not only the future of television, but it could also be the
future of nonprofits.
--
The Technologies Transforming Television
Five hundred channels? Video conferencing? Movies-on-
demand? Interactive television? A variety of new and evolving
technologies are about to radically reshape our media system.
Here is InfoActive's guide to the jargon and the coming
innovations.
More Lanes on the Highway. While many new services will
be delivered to your home by wireless, broadcast and cellular
technologies, the main traffic of the "information
superhighway" is expected to travel over telephone and cable
wires. Cable operators plan to upgrade their networks and
expand their service offerings. Phone companies hope to
compete by providing video dialtone--television and other
advanced telecommunications services that will come into the
home via a telephone company line.
Using a new process called ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line), some telephone companies are starting to
send video images over their traditional twisted-pair copper
lines, which previously were unable to handle such a large
volume of data. In Bell Atlantic's Stargazer trial,
participating homes need to use a fairly expensive set-top
box--the device that connects the television to the network--
to receive and interpret the video information.
Many believe that telephone wires simply have too small
a bandwidth--the measure of how much information can pass
through the wire at one time--to offer the advanced services
of the future. Most telephone companies are replacing their
lines with high-bandwidth fiber-optic lines. The resulting
broadband network will be able to carry voice, video and data
in large quantities and at amazing speeds. Cable companies
are also planning to upgrade key parts of their medium-
bandwidth co-axial cable with fiber-optic lines, which will
be able to transmit the proverbial 500 channels into homes.
All of this is leading to a world of two-way TV.
Interactive television will allow viewers to select what they
want to watch and when they want to watch it. This service
will also allow for more interactivity, from playing video
games with a friend across town to communicating with
neighbors by E-mail. Many predict that the most popular
application will be video-on-demand. This will enable viewers
to order movies, videos and news programs with the touch of a
button and will also give them the power to pause, rewind or
fast-forward the program.
Let's Get Digital. In a true video-on-demand service,
all the video will be digitized--transformed into bits that a
computer can understand. These digital images will then be
loaded onto a server--a central computer where information is
stored for retrieval. The digitization process permits a
great deal of flexibility. Those people who appreciate the
benefits of compact disc players know how one can start
playing any song without having to rewind or fast-forward a
tape. Digital compression allows information and images to be
stored in a fraction of the space that would normally be
required, allowing the server to store a greater selection of
programs.
Compression also enables lines to carry more information
at one time, which could make it possible for every
subscriber to have a channel devoted to the applications of
his or her choice. If lines also have an upstream capability-
-the ability to carry information from the home back to the
powerful central computer--then users can interact with this
computer and the entire network as if it is in their living
rooms.
Communications. These technologies raise the exciting
possibility that everyone can be a producer as well as a
consumer of information. A computer process called ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) can govern the massive
information transfer over a hybrid fiber/co-axial network,
making video conferencing and other services possible. Cable
companies want to make their networks switched, like the
telephone system, so the central computer can connect any two
homes with each other. This will allow cable systems to start
providing telephony, or telephone service. What would this
mean to the consumer? Eventually, the computerized
processing and switching would be distributed throughout the
network--decentralized so that one computer does not handle
all of the information traffic. Ideally, all the different
types of digital networks will be interoperable. Each local
network would be able to communicate easily then with every
other network, regardless of whether it is operated by a
phone, cable or computer company.
Some believe that these technologies will remedy many of
the problems of today's media system. With interconnected,
interoperable, fully-switched, broadband networks, major
information providers, from The New York Times to NBC, would
undoubtedly maintain huge and popular servers that consumers
could access. Yet what if individuals and small organizations
are allowed to connect their own servers, loaded with their
own information, videos and programs? Not only would that
bring down many (although not all) of the barriers to
distributing information, but it could also be an essential
step towards revitalizing our democracy.
--
Waiting for the Grade
Almost every telecommunications company is participating
in some interactive television test. Most of these
experiments are technical tests in which companies attempt to
find out if the technology works, if it is cost-effective,
and if any glitches can be fixed before it is widely
deployed. Many are also marketing trials, designed to collect
information about whether people are really interested in
purchasing these new services.
These tests vary greatly in size, technological
capability, content, and importance. Time-Warner's "Full
Service Network" represents one of the more ambitious
technological attempts, delivering a new system to a sizable
community. By comparison, NYNEX's video dialtone trial
currently pipes existing cable programming into three
Manhattan apartment buildings. Bell Atlantic's Union City,
N.J., project is testing new video technologies in the school
system there. Some tests, like AT&T's Chicago experiment with
households of 50 AT&T employees, have already ended. Many of
these tests have not started yet, including those that
require FCC approval.
Below is a partial list of interactive television tests
in operation or development across the country. The Center
for Media Education encourages nonprofits to contact their
local telephone or cable company about providing programming
and information services on interactive television
experiments. For assistance in getting in touch with these
companies, contact Anthony Wright at CME.
Company Test Site
Viacom/AT&T Castro Valley, CA
GTE/Apollo Cable Cerritos, CA
InterMedia/South Bay CableVision South SF/Milipitas, CA
Pacific Telesis/AT&T Milipitas, CA
(Ed. Note: This trial was canceled after publication)
Southern New England Telephone (SNET) West Hartford, CT
TCI/U.S. West/AT&T Littleton/Denver, CO
Interaxx/Cable TV of Coral Springs Coral Springs, FL
Time-Warner Orlando, FL
Your Choice TV West Palm Beach, FL, and other sites
BellSouth Chamblee, GA
AT&T Chicago, IL
IT Network/Booth Communications Birmingham, MI
Ameritech Sterling Heights, MI
Cox Cable/Southwestern Bell/IBM Omaha, NB
U.S. West Omaha, NB
Bell Atlantic Union City, NJ
NYNEX East Side of Manhattan, NY
Time-Warner Queens, NY
Rochester Telephone Rochester, NY
InTouch TV Portland, OR
Puerto Rico Telephone Company San Juan, PR
IT Network/Sammons Communications Denton, TX
Bell Atlantic Arlington/Alexandria, VA
EON Fairfax County, VA
GTE/AT&T Manassas, VA
Microsoft/TCI Seattle, WA
--
Video Dialtone Applications
This is a list of the applications filed at the Federal
Communications Commission to provide "video dialtone" service
on a permanent basis. Altogether, these plans would serve
over 8 million homes--about 9 percent of the homes in the
U.S. with telephones. The applications not included on this
list are for small-scale, temporary tests of video dialtone
service that are designed to explore the service's technical
and marketing feasibility.
Telephone Company
Location of Rollout # of Homes Date of Application
Ameritech
Indianapolis, IN 115,000 Jan. 1994
Milwaukee, WI 146,000 Jan. 1994
Detroit, MI 232,000 Jan. 1994
Cleveland/Columbus OH 262,000 Jan. 1994
Chicago, IL 501,000 Jan. 1994
(Ed. note: applications were approved since publication.)
Bell Atlantic
Florham Park, NJ 11,700 Nov. 1992
Dover, NJ (approved 7/94) 38,000 Dec. 1992
MD/VA (expanded in 6/94) (300,000) Dec. 1993
MD/VA/DC 1,200,000 June 1994
MD/NJ/PA/DE/VA 2,000,000 June 1994
GTE
Manassas, VA 90,000 May 1994
Ventura County, CA 122,000 May 1994
Honolulu, HI 296,000 May 1994
Pinellas/Pasco Cos., FL 476,000 May 1994
NYNEX
Providence, RI 63,000 July 1994
Boston, MA 334,000 July 1994
(Ed. note: applications were approved since publication.)
Pacific Telesis
Orange County, CA 210,000 Dec. 1993
San Diego, CA 250,000 Dec. 1993
Los Angeles, CA 360,000 Dec. 1993
San Jose/So. S.F. Bay, CA 490,000 Dec. 1993
U.S. West
Portland, OR 132,000 Jan. 1994
Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN 292,000 Jan. 1994
Denver, CO 300,000 Jan. 1994
Boise, ID 90,000 Mar. 1994
Salt Lake City, UT 160,000 Mar. 1994
--
If my endless day of television reminded me of anything, it's
that electronic media have become an environment of their
own--that to the list of neighborhood and region and
continent and planet we must now add television as a place
where we live. And the problem is not that it exists--the
problem is that it supplants. Its simplicity makes complexity
hard to fathom.
Bill McKibben
The Age of Missing Information
Random House, 1992.
---
IN UPCOMING ISSUES
The New FCC
Not The Old Boy's Network
New Funding Opportunities
Washington Update
---
InfoActive: The Telecommunications Monthly for Nonprofits
Publisher Kathryn C. Montgomery
Editor-in-Chief Jeffrey A. Chester
Associate Editor Anthony E. Wright
Editor-at-Large Peter Broderick
Contributing Writer Jennifer Light
Copy Editor Barbara Disckind
Design Magnet Interactive Studios, Inc.
The views expressed in InfoActive are solely those of the
Center for Media Education. Copyright 1994. Please repost
this file where appropiate.
Center for Media Education
1511 K Street, NW
Suite 518
Washington, DC 20005
(202)628-2620
Fax: (202)628-2554
cme@access.digex.net
---
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Coordinator, Future of Media Project Center for Media Education
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